The　use　of　immobilized　microbial　technology　in　wastewater　treatment　has　drawn　extensive　attention　due　to　its　advantages　of　high　colony　density,　rapid　reaction　speed,　and　good　stability.　Immobilization　carriers　are　the　core　of　immobilization　technology.　This　review　summarizes　the　types　of　immobilization　carriers　and　their　advantages　and　disadvantages,　focusing　on　the　potential　for　utilizing　novel　immobilization　carriers　(composite　carriers,　nanomaterials,　metal-organic　frameworks　(MOFs),　and　biochar　materials)　in　wastewater　applications.　The　basic　principles　and　technical　advantages　and　disadvantages　of　novel　immobilization　methods　(layer-by-layer　selfassembly　(LBL)　and　electrostatic　spinning)　are　then　summarized.　Additionally,　the　research　progress　and　application　characteristics　of　immobilized　anaerobic　ammonia　oxidizing　(Anammox)　and　aerobic　denitrifying　(AD)　bacteria　for　enhanced　wastewater　nitrogen　removal　are　discussed.　Finally,　the　current　challenges　of　immobilized　microbial　technology　are　discussed,　and　its　future　development　trends　are　summarized　and　prospected.　This　review　provides　guidance　and　theoretical　support　for　the　practical　engineering　application　of　immobilized　microbial　technology.