摘要 ：

Anammox process has been widely regarded as an energy-efficient method for sludge digestion filtrate treatment. However, the complex high-strength organics in the filtrate, especially of Anaerobic Digestion after Thermal Hydrolysis Pretreatment (THP-AD), brings serious threat to anammox bacteria, and the high nitrate residue in effluent remains another significant barrier in operation. In this study, a novel double-line anammox-mediated system, integrating the Partial Nitrification/Anammox (PNA) with Partial Denitrification/Anammox (PDA) processes in separately sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), was developed to polish the THP-AD filtrate. When the real THP-AD filtrate (1946.5 mg NH4+-N/L, 2076.0 mg COD/L) was fed to the front PNA reactor (SBRPNA) with 5-fold dilution, effluent total nitrogen (TN) remained at 93.0 mg/L. Notably, the final effluent TN was effectively polished to as low as 8.8 mg/L by the following PDA reactor (SBRPDA), which was fed with the SBRPNA effluent and real domestic wastewater (71.0 mg NH4+-N/L, 209.1 mg COD/L). More severe inhibition on anammox activity was observed in SBRPNA rather than SBRPDA by refractory organics in filtrate. Fortunately, it could be alleviated with the enhanced degradability of particulate organics and aromatic protein-like compounds, attributed to the enrichment of class Anaerolineae in both SBRPNA and SBRPDA. This further stimulated the electron donor supply for PDA process with much lower external carbon source demand. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that Candidatus Brocadia as dominant anammox bacteria were efficiently enriched in both SBRPNA and SBRPDA, indicating its unexpected toughness and adaptability to the complex organic compounds in THP-AD filtrate. Overall, this study suggested that the novel double-line anammox would be a promising alternative for cost-efficient nitrogen removal from high-strength wastewater containing complex organic matter.

关键词 ：

Complex organic matter Anammox Domestic wastewater Partial denitrification (PD) Partial nitrification (PN) THP-AD filtrate

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Purpose of Review Livestock wastewater is a valuable vein of resources for the production of reused water, renewable energy, and fertilizers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding on the opportunities and challenges to anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for livestock wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Recent Findings AnMBRs that integrates a membrane filtration process with anaerobic digestion exhibit high promise for livestock wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Organic matter in livestock wastewater can be biodegraded for the production of methane-rich biogas and bioactive substances, such as phytohormones, free amino acids, vitamins, and inorganic nutrients (e.g. ammonium and phosphate). Thus, the AnMBR effluent from livestock wastewater treatment can be potentially used for direct irrigation and processed for nutrient capture, for example, by struvite crystallization. Nevertheless, there remain several technical challenges to AnMBR development for livestock wastewater treatment. These mainly include digester susceptibility to inhibitory substances, low removal of antibiotics and heavy metals, and membrane fouling. Thus, recent studies have proposed several potential approaches to address these challenges to accelerate AnMBR development. These approaches can be largely classified as wastewater regulation, microbial acclimatization, process optimization, and amender addition. In this paper, we critically reviewed the performance of AnMBR for livestock wastewater treatment with respective to biogas production and contaminant removal. Key technical challenges and their potential countermeasures were delineated to shed light on further development of AnMBR in the field.

关键词 ：

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor Contaminant removal Livestock wastewater Membrane fouling Resource recovery

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The centrate produced from a thermal hydrolysis pretreatment coupled anaerobic digestion (THP-AD) system is generally characterized by high concentrations of ammonium and recalcitrant organics. In this study, a costeffective partial nitritation-anammox (PN/A) process was developed to evaluate the potential challenges in THP-AD centrate treatment. The results show ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria were seriously inhibited by THP-AD centrate, while long-term acclimation together with aeration optimization can mitigate such inhibition. A nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.55 kg N/m3/d was obtained and maintained with 60% THP-AD centrate as feed. However, 100% THP-AD centrate caused sludge wash-out from PN reactor due to excessive polymer and high solids in influent. The alkalinity deficit also reduced the AOB activity. Moreover, anammox activity and overall NRR also declined (to 0.37 kg N/m3/d). The organics transformation mainly occurred in PN reactor with very low removal efficiency due to their recalcitrant characteristics. The humic acidlike, fulvic acid-like substances and building blocks were revealed as the major organic compounds in THP-AD centrate (51.5-53.8% TOC), which likely contributed to the recalcitrant. Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Brocadia were the major AOB and anammox bacteria in the PN and anammox reactors respectively. With the increased THP-AD centrate proportion in the feed, the abundance of both population declined. Interestingly, Denitratisoma, being the major denitrifying bacteria in anammox reactor, had relatively stable abundance (7.0-7.9%) when THP-AD centrate was improved from 3 and 100%, suggesting the inhibition on anammox bacteria was not due to the overgrowth of denitrifying microorganism despite the high organics loading rate. Overall, this study provides a guide to develop the energy-saving PN/A process for THP-AD centrate treatment by pointing out potential challenges and mitigating strategies.

关键词 ：

Anammox Recalcitrant organics Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Partial nitritation (PN) THP-AD centrate Denitrification

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This study used an intermittent self-agitation anaerobic baffled reactor (SA-ABR) to treat food waste. The organic matter and detailed composition evolution were analyzed under continuous operation. The gas production rate was 2.43 ± 0.18 L-Gas/d/L-Re, and the biogas conversion was 0.94 L-Gas/g-TS. The effluent concentration of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 22.5 ± 2.44 g/L, and the removal rate of soluble COD was always over 97%. In this study, the removal rates of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids in the SA-ABR treatment were 95%, 60%, and 85%, respectively, and the concentrations were 0.11 g/L, 0.32 g/L, and 0.33 g/L, respectively. The conversion of soluble organic matter was much higher than that of insoluble substrates. The concentration of soluble pollutants was significantly lower than that of pollutants in suspended matter. The treatment of organic matter in the first half of the SA-ABR was 85–100% that of the entire reactor. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

关键词 ：

Anaerobic digestion Biogeochemistry Chemical oxygen demand Effluents Food waste Gas industry Organic compounds Pollution

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A rapid increase in population causes quantitative municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Pakistan, leading to serious public health and environmental impacts. Pakistan has social and environmental issues due to poor and inadequate waste management. Moreover, solid waste in Pakistan is 2.4% per year and 0.283 to 0.612 kg/capita/day. While the new scheme focuses primarily on waste collection and transportation, but the recovery rate is 68%. Insufficient waste collection and disposal would pollute the air, water, and soil that may cause a public health risk. The main techniques for waste disposal used in Pakistan include composting, landfilling, open dumping, incineration, anaerobic digestion, etc. However, these approaches are not ecological and cost-effective. The black soldier's fly technology (BSF) effectively and biologically breaks down diverse biodegradable wastes under sub-tropical conditions. Most people worldwide use BSF larvae to degrade biodegradable matter, especially in tropical and developing countries. BSF innovation has a high potential to cope with the current challenges related to inadequate reliable waste management infrastructure as Pakistan has favorable environmental and climate conditions. It is also capable of fostering regional growth, creating jobs, and local recycling of degradable waste. Black soldier fly larvae technology is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method because of its quick transition rate, good sustainability, and low cost-effectiveness compared to existing and other operating technologies in Pakistan. Organic waste becomes not only useful after being processed by BSFL but also produces high-value eco-friendly goods. This review highlights the role of BSFL for waste management, its benefits in Pakistan under the current environmental condition, and the biodegradation of various organic wastes under subtropical conditions. In this study, different kinds of practices used in Pakistan for waste management, including open dumping, landfilling, incineration, and anaerobic digestion, were compared. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词 ：

Environmental technology Environmental assessment Black soldier fly larva Organic matter Municipal solid waste Economic Anaerobic digestion

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Chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have greatly improved the power of proteomic analyses. However, sample processing methods used prior to MS, including protein extraction and digestion, remain bottlenecks in the large-scale clinical application of proteomics. Ionic liquids, composed entirely of ions, have high solubility in various solvents. In this study, the effects of the cationic surfactant 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C12Im-Cl) on protein digestion were evaluated for clinical proteomic applications. C12Im-Cl was compatible with trypsin and reduced the protein digestion time from 16 h to 1 h. Residual C12Im-Cl was easily removed with a strong anion exchange membrane before MS. We evaluated the performance of C12Im-Cl extraction and rapid protein digestion using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver cancer tissues. The number of proteins and peptides identified was nearly equal to that identified by the traditional filter-aided sample preparation method (2705 vs. 2739 and 16 682 vs. 17 214). In general, the C12Im-Cl-aided rapid sample preparation method is promising for proteomic applications.

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In this study, a full-scale partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process was successfully established to treat dewatering liquor (filtrate) from the activated sludge after thermal hydrolysis (THP) - anaerobic digestion (AD). The filtrate had an average ammonium of 1407 mg/L with a COD/N ratio of 1.43 +/- 0.3. Under limited anammox biofilm inoculation, PN/A was started-up in an integrated fixed - biofilm activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. During the stable period, 2500 m(3) of THP - AD sludge filtrate was treated daily and an average nitrogen removal rate of 0.21 kg N/(m(3).d) was maintained with a removal efficiency over 85%. The application of PN/A reduced mainstream total inorganic nitrogen in effluent by 4.4 mg/L, saving $3.5 million in operational costs annually due to the reduction of organics addition. Overall, IFAS - PN/A process can be an efficient and economical method to treat THP - AD sludge filtrate and improve mainstream nitrogen removal performance.

关键词 ：

Anaerobic digestion Partial nitritation/anammox Side-stream treatment IFAS Thermal hydrolysis process

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Purpose of Review Membrane techniques have been employed to concentrate livestock manure effluent from anaerobic digestion to produce highly concentrated liquid organic fertilizer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding on the opportunities and challenges of membrane processes in the concentration of digested effluent for their further implementation. Recent Findings Anaerobic digestion has been deployed to convert livestock manure into biogas (energy) and digestate with high potential as biofertilizer. Digestate can be separated into a solid and liquid fraction to reduce required capacity for onsite storage. The liquid fraction, known as digested effluent, remains a vexing challenge to digestate management due to the contradiction between its continuous production and seasonal application to farmlands, particularly in developing countries. Recent investigation has demonstrated the promise of membrane techniques for the concentration of digested effluent to recover recycling water and produce nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer. These techniques mainly include hydraulically driven membrane processes (from microfiltration to reverse osmosis), forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis. In most cases, these membrane techniques are hybridized to enhance the concentration efficiency. Nevertheless, the practical application of these membrane processes is hindered by several technical challenges, which mainly include membrane fouling, contaminant enrichment, ammonia volatilization, and high economic input. In this paper, we critically reviewed the performance of different membrane processes in the concentration of digested livestock manure effluent. Key technical challenges and their potential countermeasures were elucidated. Furthermore, future perspectives were provided to shed light on further development of membrane concentration techniques in the field.

关键词 ：

Anaerobic digestion Digested effluent Membrane concentration Resource recovery Livestock manure

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To explore the effects of different alkalinity substances (Na2CO3, KHCO3, NaHCO3) and concentration ranges (2000, 3000, 4000mg/L (as CaCO3)) on the middle-temperature anaerobic digestion system, a static batch semi-continuous stirred tank was used in the experiment. The comprehensive reactor operation and microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that Na2CO3 could promote the hydrolysis and acidification process in three different types of alkalinity, while NaHCO3 was more prominent in gas production and reduction. It indicated that Na2CO3 was more likely to promote hydrolysis and acidification in the limiting stage compared to other samples, when the alkalinity of the system was adjusted. Under different concentrations, the hydrolysis capacity was enhanced by increasing the concentration of added basicity, which led to the deterioration of the dehydration performance, while the Volatile Fatty Acids changed little, and the excess basicity will reduce the gas production and reduction of the system. © 2019, Editorial Board of China Environmental Science. All right reserved.

关键词 ：

Alkalinity; Hydrolysis acidizing bacteria; Methanogens; Moderate-temperature anaerobic digestion; Waste activated sludge

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摘要 ：

To explore the effects of different alkalinity substances (Na2CO3, KHCO3, NaHCO3) and concentration ranges (2000, 3000, 4000mg/L (as CaCO3)) on the middle-temperature anaerobic digestion system, a static batch semi-continuous stirred tank was used in the experiment. The comprehensive reactor operation and microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that Na2CO3 could promote the hydrolysis and acidification process in three different types of alkalinity, while NaHCO3 was more prominent in gas production and reduction. It indicated that Na2CO3 was more likely to promote hydrolysis and acidification in the limiting stage compared to other samples, when the alkalinity of the system was adjusted. Under different concentrations, the hydrolysis capacity was enhanced by increasing the concentration of added basicity, which led to the deterioration of the dehydration performance, while the Volatile Fatty Acids changed little, and the excess basicity will reduce the gas production and reduction of the system. © 2019, Editorial Board of China Environmental Science. All right reserved.

关键词 ：

Acidification Alkalinity Anaerobic digestion Calcite Calcium carbonate Deterioration Gas industry Hydrolysis Methanogens pH Potassium compounds Sludge digestion Sodium bicarbonate Sodium Carbonate Throughput Volatile fatty acids

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