An　overall　investigation　of　children＇s　health　status,　residential　thermal　environment,　and　pollutants　was　conducted　in　the　homes　primary　school　children　during　winter　and　summer　in　Shanghai,　China.　The　houses　were　divided　into　Group　A　(unhealthy　child　living)　and　Group　B　(healthy　child　living).　During　a　two-week　monitoring　period　in　winter,　indoor　temperatures　in　Group　A　were　significantly　lower　than　in　Group　B　(1-2　degrees　C;　p　＜　0.001).　Relative　humidity　(RH)　of　Group　A　were　5-8%　higher　than　Group　B　(p　＜　0.001),　and　the　ratio　of　RH　＞　70%　of　Group　A　was　around　0.6　in　winter.　Bad　thermal　environment　in　Group　A　was　a　risk　factor　for　children＇s　health.　Average　winter　CO2　concentrations　were　758　ppm　in　Group　A　and　701　ppm　in　Group　B,　and　the　houses　had　poor　ventilation　during　nighttime.　Indoor　concentrations　of　formaldehyde　(HCHO),　acetaldehyde　and　TVOC　generally　satisfied　the　Chinese　national　standards.　However,　indoor　PM2.5　and　PM10　concentrations　in　Group　A　were　higher　than　those　of　Group　B,　and　PM　concentrations　in　all　investigated　houses　exceeded　the　Chinese　national　standards　in　winter.　Dibutyl　phthalate　(DBP)　and　Di　(2-ethylhexyl)　phthalate　(DEHP)　in　house　dust　of　four　living　rooms　showed　very　high　concentrations　(3-4　times　the　EU　recommended　limit　of　1000　mu　g/g).　Aspergillus　and　Cladosporium　in　room　air　and　house　dust　were　linked　to　high　RH,　and　could　be　suspected　association　with　poor　children＇s　health.　This　study　provides　comprehensive　information　on　indoor　thermal　and　environmental　conditions　in　houses　in　Shanghai,　and　their　exposures　of　primary　schoolchildren　to　these　health　risks.　(C)　2016　Elsevier　Ltd.　All　rights　reserved.