Bioluminescence　tomography　(BLT)　can　three-dimensionally　and　quantitatively　resolve　the　molecular　processes　in　small　animals　in　vivo.　In　this　paper,　we　propose　a　BLT　reconstruction　algorithm　based　on　duality　and　variable　splitting.　By　using　duality　and　variable　splitting　to　obtain　a　new　equivalent　constrained　optimization　problem　and　updating　the　primal　variable　as　the　Lagrangian　multiplier　in　the　dual　augmented　Lagrangian　problem,　the　proposed　method　can　obtain　fast　and　stable　source　reconstruction　even　without　the　permissible　source　region　and　multispectral　measurements.　Numerical　simulations　on　a　mouse　atlas　and　in　vivo　mouse　experiments　were　conducted　to　validate　the　effectiveness　and　potential　of　the　method.　(C)　2012　Optical　Society　of　America