Understanding　the　evolution　path　and　dynamics　of　technology　evolution　whether　for　the　purposes　of　forecasting　technology　trend,　identifying　key　points　and　development　phases　or　studying　relationships　among　technology,　society,　culture,　sports　and　so　on　is　a　key　challenge　for　innovators　and　policymakers.　This　paper　presents　concept　of　technology　population　under　framework　of　population　ecology　and　evolutionary　biology,　and　interprets　hierarchic　relationship　among　technology　population,　technology　individual　(technology　integration)　and　technology　community;　and　identifies　status　of　patent　technology　population　through　several　parameters,　like　density　of　patent　technology　population,　nasality　and　mortality;　age　structure　and　spatial　distribution　structure;　explores　growth　rules　of　patent　technology　population;　finally,　describes　evolution　process　of　technology　population　with　patent　technology　evolution　map,　and　made　an　evolution　map　for　optical　lithography　patent　technology　population　based　on　analysis　from　patents　retrieved　from　USPTO　in　optical　lithography　domain　to　locate　aberration　points　and　phases　of　technology　population.