Rural　residential　coal　combustion　(RRCC)　has　detrimental　effects　on　air　quality,　climate,　and　human　health.　There　are　large　uncertainties　regarding　emissions　from　RRCC　owing　to　the　lack　of　consideration　of　several　key　factors　(e.g.　combination　modes　of　coal　and　stoves,　combustion　modes,　and　high　temporal　resolution).　In　this　study,　we　provided　a　new　estimation　framework　for　RRCC　emissions　through　a　case　study　in　the　Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei　(BTH)　region,　China.　The　emission　estimations　were　improved　according　to　four　aspects,　namely　(1)　coal-specific　and　stove-specific　coal　consumption　was　calculated　based　on　face-to-face　field　interviews　of　6700　valid　volunteers/households　covering　288　villages　in　50　counties;　(2)　the　influences　of　combustion　modes　(flaming　and　smoldering　modes)　on　emissions　were　considered;　(3)　emissions　of　different　fuel-　stove　combinations　were　estimated　based　on　coal,　stove,　and　combustion　mode-specific　RRCC　consumption　and　localised　emission　factors;　and　(4)　a　method　for　emission　estimation　with　high　temporal　resolution　(1　h)　was　developed.　The　results　indicated　that　RRCC　emitted　413.6　kt　SO2,　55.7　kt　NOx,　5717.3　kt　CO,　149.4　kt　VOCs,　167.1　kt　PM2.5,　18.2　kt　EC,　32.5　kt　OC,　and　8.2　kt　NH3　in　2016.　The　combination　of　bituminous　coal　and　an　advanced　coal　stove　was　the　most　significant　contributor　(20.7-71.8%)　to　various　pollutant　emissions.　Coal　combusted　under　the　flaming　mode　contributed　to　most　(81.9%)　of　the　total　coal　consumption,　and　thus　emitted　the　majority　(50.8-99.8%)　of　pollutants,　except　for　VOCs.　Meanwhile,　that　under　the　smoldering　mode　only　accounted　for　18.1%　of　the　total　consumption,　but　contributed　49.2%　and　74.7%　of　the　CO　and　VOCs　emissions,　respectively.　Two　clear　emission　peaks　occurred　at　approximately　7:00-9:00　and　18:00-20:00.　The　detailed　coal　consumption　and　emissions　with　high　temporal　and　spatial　resolution　can　provide　sound　data　for　further　research　on　rural　environmental　issues　and　scientific　support　to　pollution　control　strategies.　(C)　2020　Elsevier　Ltd.　All　rights　reserved.