Wireless　sensor　network　(WSN)　can　achieve　real-time　data　collection　and　transmission　of　environment,　soil,　meteorology,　crop　physiology　and　other　information　in　agriculture.　The　data　provided　by　WSN　could　be　used　for　decision　making　and　management,　which　is　very　important　in　precision　agriculture.　Wheat　farmland　wireless　sensor　network　has　the　characteristics　of　wide　coverage　area,　long　planting　period,　inconvenient　energy　supply,　and　serious　impact　of　crop　environment　on　wireless　signal　transmission.　Routing　protocol　is　an　important　method　to　achieve　long-term　WSN　monitoring　by　selecting　an　appropriate　path　with　low　energy　consumption　for　data　transmission.　According　to　the　phenomenon　of　uneven　environment　and　channel　parameters　caused　by　intensive　crop　growth　in　farmland,　a　non-uniform　clustering　routing　protocol　based　on　effective　energy　consumption　(UCEEC)　was　proposed　in　this　work.　The　method　combined　with　the　characteristics　of　multi-path　fading　of　farmland　environment　signals.　The　idea　of　image　segmentation　was　introduced.　Nodes　with　high　similarity　were　divided　into　a　cluster　area　by　the　dissimilarity　between　nodes　in　order　to　improve　the　intracluster　communication　performance.　Meanwhile,　a　multi-hop　path　selection　method　between　cluster-heads　based　on　the　estimation　of　two-hop　effective　energy　consumption　is　designed.　The　energy　consumption　cost　factor　is　calculated　by　the　effective　energy　consumption　and　the　average　energy　consumption　within　the　cluster　to　achieve　the　minimum　and　balance　of　the　overall　energy　consumption　of　the　network.　Simulation　results　show　that,　compared　with　the　existing　Maximum　Residual　Energy　Based　Routing　(MREBR)　protocol,　minimum　Energy　Consumption　Based　Routing　(MEC)　routing　protocols,　UCEEC　improves　the　energy　balance　effect　between　nodes,　prolongs　the　network　life　cycle,　and　realizes　efficient　energy　utilization　of　wireless　sensor　network　data　collection　in　the　complex　environment　of　wheat　field.