Energy-saving　scheduling　in　forging　production　has　attracted　increasing　attention　because　of　the　advances　in　sustainable　manufacturing　technologies.　The　unit　energy　consumption　of　forging　production　equipment　is　significantly　higher　than　that　of　other　general　manufacturing　equipment.　Employing　efficient　and　energy-saving　scheduling　methods　can　significantly　reduce　the　energy　consumption　in　forging　production.　However,　the　relationship　between　heating　furnace　and　other　equipment　in　forging　production　is　complicated,　resulting　in　few　studies　on　energy-saving　scheduling　problem　for　forging　production　line.　Thus,　the　energy-efficient　hybrid　flow　shop　scheduling　problem　with　forging　operations　(EHFSP-FO)　was　investigated　in　this　research.　First,　the　production　mode　considering　multiple　time　factors　and　mixed　production　was　established.　The　mixed　production　mode　consisted　of　continuous　processing　with　variable　parameters　and　intermittent　processing.　Then,　a　novel　mathematical　model　considering　makespan　and　energy　consumption　was　constructed　based　on　the　mixed　production　mode　for　the　proposed　problem,　and　a　new　rule　to　identify　the　optimum　transportation　sequence　and　time　was　formulated.　Furthermore,　the　population　and　major　operators　were　designed　and　applied　to　an　evolutionary　algorithm　by　weighted　sum　approach.　The　scheduling　results　were　achieved　based　on　the　real-world　process　data　for　different　types　of　ring　forgings　to　verify　the　feasibility　of　the　established　mathematical　model.　The　experimental　results　demonstrated　that　the　proposed　mathematical　model　can　be　used　to　identify　the　optimal　schedule　considering　makespan　and　energy　consumption　simultaneously.　(C)　2019　Elsevier　Ltd.　All　rights　reserved.