To　study　the　winter　indoor　environment　in　the　rural　homes　with　elderly　individuals　in　different　climate　regions,　households　with　elderly　individuals　in　Qiqihar　(northeast　China)　and　Shanghai　(southeast　China),　were　selected　for　questionnaire　surveys　(50　and　60　households　in　Qiqihar　and　Shanghai,　respectively)　and　field　measurements　(10　and　5　households　in　Qiqihar　and　Shanghai,　respectively).　The　field　measurements　included　the　monitoring　of　air　temperature,　relative　humidity　(RH),　carbon　dioxide　(CO2),　particulate　matter　(PM)　with　an　aerodynamic　diameter　of　2.5　mu　m　or　less　(PM2.5),　carbon　monoxide　(CO),　nitrogen　oxides　(NOx),　volatile　organic　compounds　(VOCs),　and　semi-volatile　organic　compounds　(SVOCs)　concentration.　The　results　indicated　that　elderly　individuals　in　Qiqihar　had　large　temperature　steps　ranging　from　15　to　35　degrees　C　between　the　indoor　and　outdoor,　and　experienced　unsteady　thermal　environment,　but　those　in　Shanghai　experienced　low　temperature,　high　RH,　and　steadier　thermal　environment.　Additionally,　the　thermal　neutral　temperatures　in　Qiqihar　and　Shanghai　were　17.32　degrees　C　and　16.91　degrees　C,　higher　than　air　temperatures　for　living-bedrooms/kitchens　(14.5　+/-　4.3　degrees　C/12.8　+/-　4.7　degrees　C)　and　for　living　rooms/bedrooms　(10.4　+/-　1.5　degrees　C/10.5　+/-　1.5　degrees　C).　Moreover,　the　older　people　had　higher　blood　pressure　in　lower　temperature.　Qiqihar　households　showed　more　serious　air　pollution　than　Shanghai.　For　Qiqihar　households,　the　concentration　of　PM2.5　and　total　VOCs　(TVOC),　which　exceeded　the　standard,　accounted　for　90%,　while　PM2.5　concentrations　in　4　households　were　6　times　higher　than　the　standard.　This　study　provides　valuable　data　for　future　work　on　environmental　risk　assessment　in　elderly　households　in　rural　areas.