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In this study, we synthesize TiO2@SnO2@TiO2 hollow spheres, in which a tin dioxide (SnO2) layer was encapsulated in double-shell titanium dioxide (TiO2) hollow spheres (the spheres are denoted TST) through biomimetic layer-by-layer mineralization combined with etching of the template SiO2. When used as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, TST displayed average rechargeable discharge capacities of 426, 328, 272, 231, 174 and 118 mAh/g at 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mA/g, respectively. The uniform TST retained a discharge capacity of 286 mAh/g after 500 cycles at a high rate of 800 mA/g, which is superior to that of control SnO2@TiO2 hollow spheres. The good performance of TST is attributed to the following reasons. First, the unique structure of TST consisted of a SnO2 layer sandwiched between two TiO2 layers; the confinement effect of the TiO2 shells are proposed to mitigate the volume change of SnO2 during lithium insertion/extraction. Second, the composites combine the advantages of the high capacity of SnO2 and structural stability of TiO2. Spatial confinement between the double TiO2 shells may play an important role in enhancing the lithium storage reaction of TST. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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