Anode,　usually　with　limited　specific　surface　area,　poor　biocompatibility　and　high-cost　materials,　is　still　the　key　obstacle　for　conventional　dual-chamber　microbial　fuel　cell　(MFC)’s　wide　application.　To　combat　this　challenge,　graphene-like　molybdenum　disulfide　(GL-MoS2)　nanoflowers　with　a　lateral　size　200–300　nm　are　successfully　synthesized　via　a　simple　one-step　hydrothermal　method　and　are　used　to　modify　MFC　anodes.　The　experimental　results　show　that　GL-MoS2　nanoflowers　modified　carbon　cloth　(CC)　and　stainless-steel　fiber　felt　(SSFF)　anode　obtains　their　maximum　power　density　of　960.4　mW·m−2　and　713.6　mW·m−2　which　are　1.7　and　3.6　times　of　their　unmodified　counterparts,　respectively,　which　indicates　that　the　modification　not　only　can　offer　large　specific　surface　area　and　good　biocompatibility　for　biofilm　growth,　but　also　makes　the　anode　surface　more　accessible　for　microbes’　colonization　and　substrate　transfer　and　thus　reduces　polarization　loss　considerably.　The　graphene-like　materials,　especially　those　like　GL-MoS2,　are　promising　materials　for　excellent　and　cost-effective　anode　modification.　©　2019　Elsevier　B.V.