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学者姓名：张楠
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摘要 ：
To quantify the risk of the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments, we systematically assessed exposure to talking-and breathing-generated respiratory droplets in a generic indoor environment using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The flow field in the indoor environment was obtained with SST k-omega model and Lagrangian method was used to predict droplet trajectories, where droplet evaporation was considered. Droplets can be categorized into small droplets (initial size <= 30 mu m or <= 10 mu m as droplet nuclei), medium droplets (30-80 mu m) and large droplets (>100 mu m) according to the exposure characteristics. Droplets up to 100 mu m, particular the small ones, can contribute to both short-range and long-range airborne routes. For the face-to-face talking scenario, the intake fraction and deposition fractions of droplets on the face and facial mucosa of the susceptible were up to 4.96%, 2.14%, and 0.12%, respectively, indicating inhalation is the dominant route. The exposure risk from a talking infector decreases monotonically with the interpersonal dis-tance, while that of nasal-breathing generated droplets maintains a relatively stable level within 1.0 m. Keeping an angle of 15 degrees or above with the expiratory flow is efficient to reduce intake fractions to <0.37% for small droplets. Adjusting the orientation from face-to-face to face-to-back can reduce exposure to small droplets by approximately 88.0% during talking and 66.2% during breathing. A higher ventilation rate can reduce the risk of exposure to small droplets but may increase the risk of transmission via medium droplets by enhancing their evaporation rate. This study would serve as a fundamental research for epidemiologist, healthcare workers and the public in the purpose of infection control.
关键词 ：
Relative position Relative position Interpersonal distance Interpersonal distance Close contact Close contact Respiratory droplets Respiratory droplets COVID-19 COVID-19 Airborne route Airborne route
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| GB/T 7714 | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao et al. Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
| MLA | Wei, Jianjian et al. "Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 229 (2023) . |
| APA | Wei, Jianjian , Wang, Lei , Jin, Tao , Li, Yuguo , Zhang, Nan . Effects of occupant behavior and ventilation on exposure to respiratory droplets in the indoor environment . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2023 , 229 . |
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摘要 ：
Debate and scientific inquiries regarding airborne transmission of respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and influenza continue. Health authorities including the WHO and the US CDC have recognized the airborne transmission of COVID-19 in specific settings, although the ventilation requirements remain to be determined. In this work we consider the long-range airborne transmission as an extended short-range airborne route, which reconciles the link between short- and long-range airborne routes. The effective short-range distance is defined as the distance in short range at which long-range route has the same volumetric exposure value as that due to short-range route. Our data show that a decrease in ventilation rate or room volume per person, or an increase in the ratio of the number of infected to susceptible people reduces the effective short-range distance. In a normal breathing scenario with one out of five people infected and a room volume of 12 m3 per person to ensure an effective short-range distance of 1.5 m, a ventilation rate of 10 L/s per person is needed for a duration of 2 h. Our results suggest that effective environmental prevention strategies for respiratory infections require appropriate increases in the ventilation rate while maintaining a sufficiently low occupancy. Practical implications: Demonstration of the long-range airborne route as an extended short-range airborne route suggests the significant role played by building ventilation in respiratory infection exposure. The reconciliation of short- and long-range airborne transmission suggests that the commonly observed dominance of close-contact transmission is a probable evidence of short-range airborne transmission, following a separate earlier study that revealed the relative insignificance of large droplet transmission in comparison with the short-range airborneroute. Existing ventilation standards do not account for respiratory infection control, and this study presents a possible approach to account for infection under new ventilation standards.
关键词 ：
Airborne transmission Airborne transmission COVID-19 COVID-19 Crowding Crowding Indoor environment Indoor environment Ventilation rate Ventilation rate
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Wenzhao , Qian, Hua , Zhang, Nan et al. Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2022 , 422 . |
| MLA | Chen, Wenzhao et al. "Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 422 (2022) . |
| APA | Chen, Wenzhao , Qian, Hua , Zhang, Nan , Liu, Fan , Liu, Li , Li, Yuguo . Extended short-range airborne transmission of respiratory infections . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2022 , 422 . |
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摘要 ：
通过构建数学模型,定量研究了1个3人家庭环境中飞沫传播、接触传播和气溶胶传播在COVID-19传播中的作用。研究表明,飞沫传播和接触传播在COVID-19传播中起着最重要的作用。和患者交流时保持1.5～2 m的空间距离对控制飞沫传播至关重要,洗手和保护环境表面清洁是控制接触传播的最有效手段。虽然通过气溶胶途径传播风险相对较小,但当患者呼出飞沫中病原体浓度较高时(患者可能为超级感染者),在家庭环境中24 h暴露下,气溶胶传播风险依然可以高达26%。
关键词 ：
接触传播 接触传播 数学模型 数学模型 新型冠状病毒 新型冠状病毒 气溶胶传播 气溶胶传播 相对重要性 相对重要性 飞沫传播 飞沫传播
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| GB/T 7714 | 雷浩 , 肖胜蓝 , 张楠 et al. 新型冠状病毒在家庭环境中的主要传播途径 [J]. | 科技导报 , 2021 , 39 (09) : 78-86 . |
| MLA | 雷浩 et al. "新型冠状病毒在家庭环境中的主要传播途径" . | 科技导报 39 . 09 (2021) : 78-86 . |
| APA | 雷浩 , 肖胜蓝 , 张楠 , 魏健健 , 金滔 . 新型冠状病毒在家庭环境中的主要传播途径 . | 科技导报 , 2021 , 39 (09) , 78-86 . |
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摘要 ：
Following advancement in urbanization, outdoor thermal comfort is receiving increasing attention, with radiation being an influencing factor. To determine the shading preference, instead of a subjective questionnaire survey, an objective foot vote approach was proposed using remote sensing images. Subsequently, the meteorological data of cities were obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology. From the results, the foot vote was approximately consistent with the PMV, and pedestrians tended to move to the shaded area if it was hot and to the non-shaded area if it was cold. However, people do not move if the foot vote value ranges from 1 to 2, and the thermal acceptance range of PET is 19.2–29 °C in Beijing when using the definitions of foot vote. The outdoor thermal acceptance differs significantly with the types of outdoor sites and climates, and pedestrians in Beijing are significantly more sensitive than those in Wuhan if the outdoor thermal environment changes. Compared to transportation hubs and shopping malls, pedestrians in public buildings are less sensitive, whereas those in scenic spots are more sensitive. Results from this study will be beneficial to policymakers in urban designing to renovate and improve thermally comfortable urban environments at the pedestrian level. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
关键词 ：
Meteorology Meteorology Remote sensing Remote sensing Surveys Surveys Thermal comfort Thermal comfort
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| GB/T 7714 | Xue, Peng , Jia, Xiaoyu , Lai, Dayi et al. Investigation of outdoor pedestrian shading preference under several thermal environment using remote sensing images [J]. | Building and Environment , 2021 , 200 . |
| MLA | Xue, Peng et al. "Investigation of outdoor pedestrian shading preference under several thermal environment using remote sensing images" . | Building and Environment 200 (2021) . |
| APA | Xue, Peng , Jia, Xiaoyu , Lai, Dayi , Zhang, Xiaojing , Fan, Cheng , Zhang, Weirong et al. Investigation of outdoor pedestrian shading preference under several thermal environment using remote sensing images . | Building and Environment , 2021 , 200 . |
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摘要 ：
COVID-19 threatens the world. Social distancing is a significant factor in determining the spread of this disease, and social distancing is strongly affected by the local travel behaviour of people in large cities. In this study, we analysed the changes in the local travel behaviour of various population groups in Hong Kong, between 1 January and 31 March 2020, by using second-by-second smartcard data obtained from the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) system. Due to the pandemic, local travel volume decreased by 43%, 49% and 59% during weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays, respectively. The local travel volumes of adults, children, students and senior citizens decreased by 42%, 86%, 73% and 48%, respectively. The local travel behaviour changes for adults and seniors between non-pandemic and pandemic times were greater than those between weekdays and weekends. The opposite was true for children and students. During the pandemic, the daily commute flow decreased by 42%. Local trips to shopping areas, amusement areas and borders decreased by 42%, 81% and 99%, respectively. The effective reproduction number (R t ) of COVID-19 had the strongest association with daily population use of the MTR 7-8 days earlier.
关键词 ：
COVID-19 COVID-19 Effective reproduction number Effective reproduction number Human behaviour Human behaviour Local travel behaviour Local travel behaviour Public transport Public transport Subway Subway
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang Nan , Jia Wei , Wang Peihua et al. Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. [J]. | Cities , 2021 , 112 : 103139 . |
| MLA | Zhang Nan et al. "Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong." . | Cities 112 (2021) : 103139 . |
| APA | Zhang Nan , Jia Wei , Wang Peihua , Dung Chung-Hin , Zhao Pengcheng , Leung Kathy et al. Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. . | Cities , 2021 , 112 , 103139 . |
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摘要 ：
Fomites are known to spread infectious diseases, but their role in determining transmission risk remains unclear. The association of surface touch networks (STNs), proposed to explain this risk, with real-life surface contamination has not yet been demonstrated. To construct STNs, we collected surface touch data from 23 to 26 scholars through 2 independent experiments conducted in office spaces for 13 h each. In parallel, a tracer bacterium (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) was spread by a designated carrier in each experiment during normal activities; the subsequent extent of surface contamination was assessed using qPCR. The touch data were also analyzed using an agent-based model that predicted the observed contamination. Touching public (door handles) and hidden public (desks, chair seatbacks) surfaces that connected occupants, sparse hand-to-hand contact, and active carriers contributed significantly to contamination spread, which was also correlated with the size of the social group containing carriers. The natural and unsupervised experiments reflected realistic exposure levels of mouths (1-10 ppm of total contamination spread by one root carrier), nostrils (-1 ppm), and eyes (-0.1 ppm). We conclude that the contamination degree of known and hidden public surfaces can indicate fomite exposure risk. The social group effect could trigger superspreading events through fomite transmission.
关键词 ：
Fomite exposure Fomite exposure Infection control Infection control Surface hygiene Surface hygiene Surface touch network Surface touch network Surrogate tracer Surrogate tracer
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Peihua , Zhang, Nan , Miao, Te et al. Surface touch network structure determines bacterial contamination spread on surfaces and occupant exposure [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2021 , 416 . |
| MLA | Wang, Peihua et al. "Surface touch network structure determines bacterial contamination spread on surfaces and occupant exposure" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 416 (2021) . |
| APA | Wang, Peihua , Zhang, Nan , Miao, Te , Chan, Jack P. T. , Huang, Hong , Lee, Patrick K. H. et al. Surface touch network structure determines bacterial contamination spread on surfaces and occupant exposure . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2021 , 416 . |
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摘要 ：
The association between the footwear microclimate and microbial community on the foot plantar skin was investigated by experiments with three participants. Novel methods were developed for measuring in-shoe temperature and humidity at five footwear regions, as well as the overall ventilation rate inside the footwear. Three types of footwear were tested including casual shoes, running shoes, and perforated shoes for pairwise comparison of footwear microclimate and corresponding microbial community on the skin. The major findings are as follows: (1) footwear types make a significant difference to in-shoe temperature at the instep region with the casual shoes sustaining the warmest of all types; (2) significant differences were observed in local internal absolute humidity between footwear types, with the casual shoes sustaining the highest level of humidity at most regions; (3) the perforated shoes provided the highest ventilation rate, followed by running and casual shoes, and the faster the gait, the larger the discrepancy in ventilation rate between footwear types; (4) the casual shoes seemed to provide the most favorable internal environment for bacterial growth at the distal plantar skin; and (5) the bacterial growth at the distal plantar skin showed a positive linear correlation with the in-shoe temperature and absolute humidity, and a negative linear correlation with the ventilation rate. The ventilation rate seemed to be a more reliable indicator of the bacterial growth. Above all, we can conclude that footwear microclimate varies in footwear types, which makes contributions to the bacterial growth on the foot plantar skin.
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| GB/T 7714 | Miao, Te , Wang, Peihua , Zhang, Nan et al. Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin [J]. | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS , 2021 , 11 (1) . |
| MLA | Miao, Te et al. "Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin" . | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 11 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Miao, Te , Wang, Peihua , Zhang, Nan , Li, Yuguo . Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin . | SCIENTIFIC REPORTS , 2021 , 11 (1) . |
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摘要 ：
The photocatalytic activity of polymeric carbon nitride (g-C3N4) strongly depends on its electronic structure which is highly sensitive to the preparation methods. To design the photocatalysts with efficient charge separation and transfer property, here we report a new ethylenediamine (EDA) induced gas-solid grafting method which enables the asymmetric modification of g-C3N4 featuring the aromatization at the terminal of melon motifs. The obtained terminal-aromatized g-C3N4 (Ar-C3N4) exhibits an improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity in versatile two-electron reduction reactions, outperforming the pristine g-C3N4 by 15.4 and 6.6 folds respectively in hydrogen evolution and hydrogen peroxide production. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate the intensified asymmetry of p-electron distribution in the resulting material, which provides significantly improved driving force to guide the efficient separation of photogenerated e-h pairs and enhance the charge carrier mobility compared to its symmetric counterpart.
关键词 ：
Asymmetric structure Asymmetric structure Photocatalytic reductions Photocatalytic reductions Gas-solid grafting reaction Gas-solid grafting reaction Terminal blocking Terminal blocking Aromatization Aromatization
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| GB/T 7714 | Luo, Wei , Li, Yongli , Wang, Jinshu et al. Asymmetric structure engineering of polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light-driven reduction reactions [J]. | NANO ENERGY , 2021 , 87 . |
| MLA | Luo, Wei et al. "Asymmetric structure engineering of polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light-driven reduction reactions" . | NANO ENERGY 87 (2021) . |
| APA | Luo, Wei , Li, Yongli , Wang, Jinshu , Liu, Jingchao , Zhang, Nan , Zhao, Mengdi et al. Asymmetric structure engineering of polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light-driven reduction reactions . | NANO ENERGY , 2021 , 87 . |
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摘要 ：
Fomites can transmit some infectious diseases. Human touch behaviors are known to affect virus transmission in buildings. Using video cameras in a graduate student office, we collected more than 98,000 touch actions from 14 h of high-resolution video data of surfaces touched by fingers, palms, and backs of hands. Based on the collected data, we simulated infection spread via the fomite route. 90% of touches to mucous membranes are by fingers (70% by fingers of the nondominant hand; 20% by fingers of the dominant hand). 3% of the virus released into the atmosphere by those infected was transmitted to other students' hands, personal-use surfaces, and public surfaces. Public surfaces are responsible for 53% of virus transmission due to surface touch to susceptible students. 65% of the virus transmitted to the mucous membranes, is by nondominant hands. 93% of virus intake via mucous membranes of the susceptible was from fingers. Door handles and mobile phones transferred the most viral loads to hands of the susceptible. Total virus exposure due to touching has no significant relationship with the duration of being indoors, but human behavior does. Behavior-related intervention strategies are much more efficient than other strategies such as public surface disinfection. If we never touch other's personal surfaces, we would reduce our exposure to the virus by 80%.
关键词 ：
Public surface Public surface Infection spread Infection spread Pathogen Pathogen Mucous membrane Mucous membrane Fomite Fomite Human behavior Human behavior
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Nan , Wang, Peihua , Miao, Te et al. Real human surface touch behavior based quantitative analysis on infection spread via fomite route in an office [J]. | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2021 , 191 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Nan et al. "Real human surface touch behavior based quantitative analysis on infection spread via fomite route in an office" . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 191 (2021) . |
| APA | Zhang, Nan , Wang, Peihua , Miao, Te , Chan, Pak-To , Jia, Wei , Zhao, Pengcheng et al. Real human surface touch behavior based quantitative analysis on infection spread via fomite route in an office . | BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT , 2021 , 191 . |
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摘要 ：
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease that has become a global pandemic. Close contact plays an important role in infection spread, while fomite may also be a possible transmission route. Research during the COVID-19 pandemic has identified long-range airborne transmission as one of the important transmission routes although lack solid evidence. Methods: We examined video data related to a restaurant associated COVID-19 outbreak in Guangzhou. We observed more than 40,000 surface touches and 13,00 0 episodes of close contacts in the restaurant during the entire lunch duration. These data allowed us to analyse infection risk via both the fomite and close contact routes. Results: There is no significant correlation between the infection risk via both fomite and close contact routes among those who were not family members of the index case. We can thus rule out virus transmission via fomite contact and interpersonal close contact routes in the Guangzhou restaurant outbreak. The absence of a fomite route agrees with the COVID-19 literature. Conclusions: These results provide indirect evidence for the long-range airborne route dominating SARSCoV-2 transmission in the restaurant. We note that the restaurant was poorly ventilated, allowing for increasing airborne SARS-CoV-2 concentration. (C) 2021 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
关键词 ：
Airborne Airborne Fomite Fomite Covid-19 Covid-19 Human behavior Human behavior Close contact Close contact
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Nan , Chen, Xuguang , Jia, Wei et al. Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19 [J]. | JOURNAL OF INFECTION , 2021 , 83 (2) : 207-216 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Nan et al. "Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19" . | JOURNAL OF INFECTION 83 . 2 (2021) : 207-216 . |
| APA | Zhang, Nan , Chen, Xuguang , Jia, Wei , Jin, Tianyi , Xiao, Shenglan , Chen, Wenzhao et al. Y Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19 . | JOURNAL OF INFECTION , 2021 , 83 (2) , 207-216 . |
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